How to Optimize a System for 1 Million Concurrent Users
To keep your system running smoothly when millions of users access it at the same time, a Software Architect needs to consider many factors. Below is a comprehensive checklist of bottlenecks and optimization solutions to ensure your system is always ready for high traffic. 1. Bottleneck from monolith architecture All logic and resources are bundled together → difficult to scale Solutions: Switch to microservices Make services stateless to allow horizontal scaling Add an API Gateway (rate-limiting, circuit breaker) Use a service mesh (Istio, Linkerd) if observability is needed 2. DB bottleneck due to too many direct queries 1 million users can generate tens of millions of DB queries Solutions: ...